City-States of Phoenicia (Retjena, Palestine, North Africa) - 2500–539 BC.

Phoenicia was an ancient Semitic-speaking thalassocratic civilization that originated in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, specifically modern Lebanon. At its height between 1100 and 200 BC, Phoenician civilization spread across the Mediterranean, from Cyprus to the Iberian Peninsula. Phoenician civilization was organized in city-states, similar to those of ancient Greece, of which the most notable were Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Berytus, Byblos, and Carthage. Each city-state was politically independent, and there is no evidence the Phoenicians viewed themselves as a single nationality. To facilitate their commercial ventures, the Phoenicians established numerous colonies and trading posts along the coasts of the Mediterranean. Phoenician city states generally lacked the numbers or even the desire to expand their territory overseas. In contrast to their Greek counterparts, few colonies had more than 1,000 inhabitants; only Carthage and some nearby settlements in the western Mediterranean would grow larger.
The Phoenician language is classified in the Canaanite subgroup of Northwest Semitic. Its later descendant in northwest Africa is termed Punic, which evolved in Phoenician colonies around the western Mediterranean, beginning in the ninth century BC. Punic Phoenician was still spoken in the fifth century AD; St. Augustine, who grew up in Northwest Africa, was familiar with the language.

Genetic study led by Pierre Zalloua claimed that six subclades of Haplogroup J-M172 (J2)—thought to have originated between the Caucasus Mountains, Mesopotamia and the Levant—were of a "Phoenician signature" and present amongst the male populations of the "coastal Lebanese Phoenician Heartland" and wider Levant (the "Phoenician Periphery"), followed by other areas of historic Phoenician settlement, spanning Cyprus through to Morocco.
A series of studies of different populations in the Levant have generally concluded that Levantine Semites—such as Lebanese, Mizrahi Jews, Palestinians, and Syrians—are possibly the closest surviving relatives of ancient Phoenicians. One study found that the Lebanese share 93% of their DNA with Bronze Age Sidonians.

There were 129 Phoenician city-sates and colonies around the Mediterranean sea (+ Carthage)

Algeria - 22 Phoenician states and colonies
Cyprus - 4 Phoenician states and colonies
Greece - 3 Phoenician states and colonies
Israel - 8 Phoenician states and colonies
Italy - 18 Phoenician states and colonies
Lebanon - 12 Phoenician states and colonies
Libya - 3 Phoenician states and colonies
Malta - 6 Phoenician states and colonies
Morocco - 8 Phoenician states and colonies
Portugal - 4 Phoenician states and colonies
Spain - 16 Phoenician states and colonies
Syria - 6 Phoenician states and colonies
Tunisia - 17 Phoenician states and colonies
Turkey - 2 Phoenician colony - Myriandus and Phoenicus